Methodological issues in nursing research the integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nursing [Internet]. The search through studies published from to was conducted in May and June of The inclusion criteria were: full articles available electronically, which approach the concept to be analyzed, required to be either in the Portuguese, English or Spanish language.
Letters to the editor were used as an exclusion criteria. In face of the reference adopted for the identification of the critical factors, patient history and consequences of acute pain in the context of acute myocardial infarction, the following questions were used: What are the characteristics presented by the authors to define the concept of acute pain? What events or factors contribute to the imminence of the concept of acute pain in individuals with acute myocardial infarction?
What events result from acute pain in individuals with acute myocardial infarction? What factors contribute to relieve acute pain in individuals with acute myocardial infarction? Figure 1 shows the process of finding items in the selected databases. Literature recommends a thorough analysis of the selected studies to assess methodological quality.
This step was performed according to evidence strength classification for research evaluation by Melnyk, Fineuot-Overholt 13 The fact that there was respect for ethical aspects related to copyrights of the evidence available on the subject investigated is noteworthy. The characterization of the studies showed that they originated mainly from North America Physicians Regarding the year of publication, The lack of studies on acute pain in patients with myocardial infarction in South America is apparent, which is worrying, since there is a high prevalence of cases of the disease, specifically in Brazil.
Studies on acute pain in myocardial infarction performed in the hospital setting predominated. Another study presented similar results 5 5. Figure 1 - Search process of studies and final selection. Chart 1 - Evidence level rating for assessment of the studies. Most studies involved adult population Descriptive or qualitative studies With regard to evidence levels of the analyzed publications, it was observed that there was a predominance of designed studies with evidence levels III and IV, followed by evidence studies of levels I and II.
These findings reflect what is known about the investigated theme and points to a gap related to research with stronger clinical evidence levels that can incorporate the results in practice. In this context, it is important to develop studies that generate better evidence to support the nursing care of patients with acute pain in myocardial infarction.
It is important to emphasize that the publications with lower levels of evidence were adopted, as they helped provide relevant conceptual elements for concept acute pain analysis and its defining characteristics in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
The literature review provided subsidies to identify that concept acute pain is widely used in healthcare, with greater evidence in nursing and medicine, and in the context of cardiovascular disease, specifically in coronary syndromes. Most of the studies show that the sharp pain in myocardial infarction lasts 15 to 30 minutes 14 Atypical symptom cluster predicts a higher mortality in patients with first-time acute myocardial infarction.
Korean Circ J. Chest pain in a year-old boy: when is it a harbinger of poor outcome? Int J Emerg Med. Management of cocaine-associated chest pain and myocardial infarction. Fang BR. Acute myocardial infarction presenting with sudden death owing to cardiac rupture. J Med Ultrasound. Factors influencing Hong Kong Chinese patients' decision-making in seeking early treatment for acute myocardial infarction. Res Nurs Health. Should we establish a new protocol for the treatment of peripartum myocardial infarction?
Tex Heart Inst J. Factors influencing arrival of patients with acute myocardial infarction at emergency departments: implications for community nursing interventions. J Adv Nursing. Does gender and ethnicity impact initial assessment and management of chest pain?
Adv Emerg Nurs J. Depressive symptoms and healthcare utilization in patients with noncardiac chest pain compared to patients with ischemic heart disease. Heart Lung. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Associated with acute myocardial infarction in Chinese patients: a questionnaire survey. J Clin Nurs. Association between subjective descriptions of coronary pain and disease characteristics: a pilot study in a Hellenic rural population.
Intensive Crit Care Nurs. Does the patient with chest pain have a coronary heart disease? Croat Med J. Is severity of chest pain a cue for women and men to recognize acute myocardial infarction symptoms as cardiac in origin? Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. As for the onset time of the pain, studies , report that it is sudden. Regarding the quality of pain, studies describe it as constrictive and oppressive 16 Differences in symptom presentation and hospital mortality according to type of acute myocardial infarction.
Am Heart J. Coyle MK. Depressive symptoms after a myocardial infarction and self-care. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. Are there gender differences related to symptoms of acute myocardial infarction?
Racial differences in women's prodromal and acute myocardial infarction symptoms. Am J Crit Care. Day-night variation of acute myocardial infarction in obstructive sleep apnea. J Am Coll Cardiol. Matura LA. In-hospital mortality characteristics of women with acute myocardial infarction. J Clin Med Res. Does one's sense of coherence change after an acute myocardial infarction? Nurs Health Sci. Acute myocardial infarction due to coronary vasospasm in a heart transplant recipient.
Am J Emerg Med. Characteristics of and outcome for patients with chest pain relation to transport by the emergency medical services in a year perspective. Does sex influence the allocation of life support level by dispatchers in acute chest pain? Nathan S. Case report: A year-old woman with chest pain upon arrival to the emergency department.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm. In most publications 14 Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. A study of clinical presentation and delays in management of acute myocardial infarction in community. Indian Heart J. If, along with that, you also have a high level of low-density lipoprotein LDL in your blood, your risk may be even higher.
This is because LDL cholesterol can stick to the walls of your arteries and produce plaque, a hard substance that blocks blood flow in the arteries.
Reducing your cholesterol and the unhealthy fat in your body typically requires eating a balanced diet that contains few processed foods, and when necessary, taking medications called statins.
Your doctor would be able to recommend the best nutrition plan for you and determine whether you need to take medications. In addition to your diet, the following factors can also increase your risk of heart problems :. Your doctor will then complete a physical exam with specific attention to the heart.
Blood tests will also be used to check for proteins that are associated with heart damage, such as troponin. Your doctor may also perform an angiogram with coronary catheterization to look for areas of blockage in your arteries. Heart attacks require immediate treatment, so most treatments begin in the emergency room. Treatment may include taking medications to resolve blood clots, reduce pain, or slow down your heart rate.
The doctor may also send you to undergo a minimally invasive procedure called percutaneous coronary intervention PCI , formerly referred to as an angioplasty with a stent. This procedure is used to unblock the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Only about 36 percent of hospitals in the United States are equipped to perform this procedure.
If your hospital is unable to perform an angioplasty, they may transfer you to another hospital that can. During the procedure, your surgeon will insert a long, thin tube called a catheter through your artery to reach the blockage. They will then inflate a small balloon attached to the catheter in order to reopen the artery, allowing blood flow to resume. Your surgeon may also place a small, mesh tube called a stent at the site of the blockage.
The stent can prevent the artery from closing again. Your doctor may also want to perform a coronary artery bypass graft CABG. In this procedure, your surgeon will restore blood flow by rerouting your veins and arteries so the blood can move around the blockage.
A CABG is sometimes done immediately after a heart attack. Another procedure your doctor may want you to undergo is a bypass surgery , which is used to form new passages for blood to flow to the heart.
Your chances of recovering from a heart attack depend on how much damage there is to your heart and how quickly you receive emergency care. The sooner you receive treatment, the more likely you are to survive.
Keep in mind that recovery is a long process and may take several weeks or months after leaving the hospital. After having a heart attack, you may also be at a higher risk of having other heart problems in the future. This can lead to heart failure. Heart damage also increases your risk of valve problems and developing an abnormal heart rhythm or arrhythmia. Your risk of having another heart attack will be higher as well.
Many people also experience chest pain after having a heart attack, especially after eating a large meal or engaging in physical activity. Be sure to talk to your doctor if you notice any chest pain. They can recommend certain medications or exercises to help relieve symptoms. As part of your treatment plan, you may be required to take medications or undergo a cardiac rehabilitation program.
This type of program can help you slowly regain your strength, teach you about healthy lifestyle changes, and guide you through treatment. There are several ways to prevent another heart attack and promote healing, including working with your doctor to make changes to your diet and lifestyle.
Most people are able to resume their normal activities after a heart attack. Your doctor will help you develop a specific plan for recovery. One way to lower your risk is to eat a heart-healthy diet.
This diet should largely consist of:. This is especially important for people with diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. Exercising several times a week will also improve your cardiovascular health. Quitting smoking will significantly lower your risk of a heart attack and improve both your heart and lung health. You should also avoid being around secondhand smoke. Acute myocardial infarction, or heart attack, is a serious condition that occurs when blood flow to the heart is cut off, which requires immediate medical treatment.
Fortunately, there are many ways to prevent complications associated with this condition and minimize the long-term effects on health. Not only can making changes to your diet and lifestyle promote recovery after a heart attack, but it can also prevent heart attacks from occurring again in the future. The symptoms of heart attack can vary, depending on your age, sex, and health history. Learn how to recognize the symptoms and get help early. What's the difference between a major, minor, and silent heart attack?
Learn when to see a doctor and how to treat or prevent heart attacks. The thought of another heart attack is a frightening prospect.
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